进程与系统监控
进程管理核心命令 ps - 进程快照分析
# 全格式显示所有进程
root@server:~# ps aux | head -10 USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1 0.0 0.3 167548 11504 ? Ss 2025 1:56 /lib/systemd/systemd --system --deserialize 48 noibrs root 2 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2025 0:00 [kthreadd] root 3 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 2025 0:00 [rcu_gp] root 4 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 2025 0:00 [rcu_par_gp] root 5 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 2025 0:00 [slub_flushwq] root 6 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 2025 0:00 [netns] root 8 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 2025 0:00 [kworker/0:0H-events_highpri] root 10 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? I< 2025 0:00 [mm_percpu_wq] root 11 0.0 0.0 0 0 ? S 2025 0:00 [rcu_tasks_rude_]
# 树状结构显示进程关系
root@server:~# ps auxf | grep -E '(nginx|apache)' root 1952087 0.0 0.0 6480 2552 pts/0 S+ 11:04 0:00 | \_ grep --color=auto -E (nginx|apache) root 1904076 0.0 0.3 55800 13184 ? S 06:45 0:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on; www-data 1904079 0.0 0.1 56552 6624 ? S 06:45 0:00 \_ nginx: worker process www-data 1904080 0.0 0.1 56552 6624 ? S 06:45 0:00 \_ nginx: worker process
# 自定义输出格式（CPU和内存排序）
root@server:~# ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%cpu,%mem --sort=-%cpu | head -15 PID PPID CMD %CPU %MEM 2073 1 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_clie 2.4 1.3 1578 1453 ./MediaServer -s default.pe 0.8 0.6 1905031 471143 sshd: root@pts/0,pts/1 0.5 0.3 1551 1432 java -Djava.security.egd=fi 0.3 13.5 1007 1 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_clie 0.2 0.3 1553 1472 mysqld --character-set-serv 0.1 10.4 1571 1446 redis-server *:6379 0.1 0.0 1905175 1905133 top 0.1 0.1 1 0 /lib/systemd/systemd --syst 0.0 0.3 2 0 [kthreadd] 0.0 0.0 3 2 [rcu_gp] 0.0 0.0 4 2 [rcu_par_gp] 0.0 0.0 5 2 [slub_flushwq] 0.0 0.0 6 2 [netns] 0.0 0.0
# 实战：查找内存泄漏进程
root@server:~# ps aux --sort=-%mem | awk 'NR<=10{printf "%-8s %-6s %s\n", $1, $4, $11}'
USER %MEM COMMAND
root 13.5 java
lxd 10.4 mysqld
1000 3.6 8fdf65d387f2
root 2.4 /lib/systemd/systemd-journald
root 1.3 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_client/aegis_12_81/AliYunDunMonitor
root 0.7 /usr/libexec/fwupd/fwupd
root 0.7 /sbin/multipathd
root 0.6 /usr/bin/python3
root 0.6 ./MediaServertop 与 htop - 实时性能监控
# top交互式命令
# P - 按CPU排序，M - 按内存排序，T - 按时间排序
# k - 杀死进程，r - 修改nice值
top - 11:05:46 up 127 days, 18:23, 2 users, load average: 0.04, 0.09, 0.08 Tasks: 155 total, 1 running, 154 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu0 : 2.7/2.3 5[||||| ] %Cpu1 : 2.0/2.0 4[|||| ] MiB Mem : 48.1/3576.7 [|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||| ] MiB Swap: 0.0/0.0 [ ] PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 2073 root 20 0 178224 47940 0 S 4.3 1.3 4469:11 AliYunDunMonito 1578 root 20 0 461004 22716 1700 S 1.0 0.6 1643:35 MediaServer 1599 1000 20 0 1238036 134412 172 S 0.7 3.7 146:04.33 beam.smp 1007 root 20 0 97632 13844 6116 S 0.3 0.4 412:48.98 AliYunDun 1551 root 20 0 3815708 497204 308 S 0.3 13.6 575:32.33 java 1905031 root 20 0 17744 12040 9104 S 0.3 0.3 0:24.57 sshd 1952935 root 20 0 10812 4580 3808 R 0.3 0.1 0:00.02 top 1 root 20 0 167548 11504 6720 S 0.0 0.3 1:56.51 systemd 2 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.45 kthreadd 3 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_gp 4 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_par_gp 5 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 slub_flushwq 6 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 netns 8 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kworker/0:0H-events_highpri 10 root 0 -20 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 mm_percpu_wq 11 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_tasks_rude_ 12 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 rcu_tasks_trace 13 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 3:20.55 ksoftirqd/0 14 root 20 0 0 0 0 I 0.0 0.0 66:40.81 rcu_sched 15 root rt 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:16.36 migration/0 16 root -51 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 idle_inject/0 18 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuhp/0 19 root 20 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cpuhp/1
top -p $(pgrep -d',' nginx) # 仅监控nginx进程
top - 11:06:14 up 127 days, 18:23, 2 users, load average: 0.10, 0.10, 0.09 Tasks: 3 total, 0 running, 3 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie %Cpu(s): 2.0 us, 1.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 96.1 id, 0.0 wa, 0.0 hi, 0.2 si, 0.0 st MiB Mem : 3576.7 total, 111.1 free, 1440.6 used, 2025.1 buff/cache MiB Swap: 0.0 total, 0.0 free, 0.0 used. 1855.1 avail Mem PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND 1904076 root 20 0 55800 13184 10972 S 0.0 0.4 0:00.00 nginx 1904079 www-data 20 0 56552 6624 4016 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 nginx 1904080 www-data 20 0 56552 6624 4016 S 0.0 0.2 0:00.00 nginx
# htop高级功能（需安装）
htop -u www-data # 仅显示特定用户进程
htop -t # 显示进程树
TRAE IDE效率提升：在TRAE IDE的终端中，可以直接使用htop的彩色输出，配合智能命令补全功能，快速定位性能瓶颈进程。
2. ps — 静态快照，适合脚本化
当需要批量输出或集成到脚本中时，ps 比 top 更灵活：
bash
复制
# 查看占用 CPU 最高的 10 个进程
ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -10 root@server:~# ps aux --sort=-%cpu | head -10 USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 2073 2.4 1.3 178224 47940 ? Ssl 2025 4469:16 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_client/aegis_12_81/AliYunDunMonitor root 1578 0.8 0.6 461004 22716 ? Ssl 2025 1643:36 ./MediaServer -s default.pem -c ../conf/config.ini -l 0 root 1905031 0.5 0.3 17744 12040 ? Ss 09:54 0:25 sshd: root@pts/0,pts/1 root 1551 0.3 13.5 3815708 497204 ? Ssl 2025 575:32 java -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom -jar wvp-pro.jar root 1007 0.2 0.3 97632 13844 ? Ssl 2025 412:49 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_client/aegis_12_81/AliYunDun lxd 1571 0.1 0.1 55388 3696 ? Ssl 2025 191:36 redis-server *:6379 root 1905175 0.1 0.1 11856 5184 pts/1 S+ 09:54 0:07 top root 1 0.0 0.3 167548 11504 ? Ss 2025 1:56 /lib/systemd/systemd --system --deserialize 48 noibrs
# 查看占用内存最高的 10 个进程
ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -10 root@server:~# ps aux --sort=-%mem | head -10 USER PID %CPU %MEM VSZ RSS TTY STAT START TIME COMMAND root 1551 0.3 13.5 3815708 497204 ? Ssl 2025 575:32 java -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom -jar wvp-pro.jar root 526775 0.0 2.4 383836 89316 ? S<s Mar25 2:04 /lib/systemd/systemd-journald root 2073 2.4 1.3 178224 47940 ? Ssl 2025 4469:16 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_client/aegis_12_81/AliYunDunMonitor root 1929518 0.0 0.7 386544 27452 ? Ssl 10:30 0:00 /usr/libexec/fwupd/fwupd root 431 0.0 0.7 289312 27096 ? SLsl 2025 8:05 /sbin/multipathd -d -s root 1154764 0.0 0.6 261412 23220 ? Ssl Apr16 1:23 /usr/bin/python3 -Es /usr/sbin/tuned -l -P root 1578 0.8 0.6 461004 22716 ? Ssl 2025 1643:36 ./MediaServer -s default.pem -c ../conf/config.ini -l 0
# 自定义输出格式（PID、命令、CPU、内存）
ps -eo pid,cmd,%cpu,%mem --sort=-%cpu | head -15 root@server:~# ps -eo pid,cmd,%cpu,%mem --sort=-%cpu | head -15 PID CMD %CPU %MEM 2073 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_clie 2.4 1.3 1578 ./MediaServer -s default.pe 0.8 0.6 1905031 sshd: root@pts/0,pts/1 0.5 0.3 1551 java -Djava.security.egd=fi 0.3 13.5 1007 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_clie 0.2 0.3 1553 mysqld --character-set-serv 0.1 10.4 1571 redis-server *:6379 0.1 0.1 1905175 top 0.1 0.1 1 /lib/systemd/systemd --syst 0.0 0.3 2 [kthreadd] 0.0 0.0 3 [rcu_gp] 0.0 0.0 4 [rcu_par_gp] 0.0 0.0 5 [slub_flushwq] 0.0 0.0 6 [netns] 0.0 0.0
# 查看特定服务的所有进程
ps auxf | grep -E '(nginx|java|mysql)' root@server:~# ps auxf | grep -E '(nginx|java|mysql)' root 1551 0.3 13.5 3815708 497204 ? Ssl 2025 575:32 \_ java -Djava.security.egd=file:/dev/./urandom -jar wvp-pro.jar lxd 1553 0.1 10.4 1818220 382896 ? Ssl 2025 340:14 \_ mysqld --character-set-server=utf8mb4 --collation-server=utf8mb4_unicode_ci --default-authentication-plugin=mysql_native_password --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp=0 --sql_mode=STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION --explicit_defaults_for_timestamp=0 root 1954784 0.0 0.0 6612 2372 pts/0 S+ 11:08 0:00 | \_ grep --color=auto -E (nginx|java|mysql) root 1904076 0.0 0.3 55800 13160 ? S 06:45 0:00 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -g daemon on; master_process on; www-data 1904079 0.0 0.1 56552 6600 ? S 06:45 0:00 \_ nginx: worker process www-data 1904080 0.0 0.1 56552 6600 ? S 06:45 0:00 \_ nginx: worker process
批量查看多维度资源占用：
ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%cpu,%mem,nlwp --sort=-%cpu | head -10 root@server:~# ps -eo pid,ppid,cmd,%cpu,%mem,nlwp --sort=-%cpu | head -10 PID PPID CMD %CPU %MEM NLWP 2073 1 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_clie 2.4 1.3 30 1578 1453 ./MediaServer -s default.pe 0.8 0.6 7 1905031 471143 sshd: root@pts/0,pts/1 0.5 0.3 1 1551 1432 java -Djava.security.egd=fi 0.3 13.5 354 1007 1 /usr/local/aegis/aegis_clie 0.2 0.3 12 1553 1472 mysqld --character-set-serv 0.1 10.4 44 1571 1446 redis-server *:6379 0.1 0.0 5 1905175 1905133 top 0.1 0.1 1 1 0 /lib/systemd/systemd --syst 0.0 0.3 1
nlwp 列显示线程数，适合排查线程泄漏问题 。
#进程PID查询，必须是唯一进程
查询进程运行时长：ps -p `pgrep -f python|awk 'NR==4'` -o etime|awk 'NR==2 {print $1}'
root@server:~# ps -p `pgrep -f python|awk 'NR==1'` -o etime|awk 'NR==2 {print $1}'
9-17:44:22#如上：显示进程已经运行9天，17小时44分22秒
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